Years ago, I transcribed raw film footage to earn a little extra money. These transcriptions had to be verbatim, with all the ums, ahs, stuttering, etc. included. It's surprisingly difficult to do a verbatim transcription, because there is a strong tendency for listeners to hear what is meant, rather than what is actually said. We transcribers had to listen to things three or four times to record the speech exactly. The first time I listened to something, I wouldn't even notice the mistakes!

Some of the transcriptions I did were of people famous for being well-spoken, people I admire very much. I was surprised to learn that they make frequent speech errors/hesitations/disfluencies, just like the rest of us.

As a result of that experience, I realised that while we are all painfully aware of the imperfections in our own speech, others hardly notice them at all. Most mistakes are filtered out by the listener's brain, and aren't truly "heard".

It sounds to me like you're asking how to eliminate simple "slip-of-the-tongue" mistakes, which I think is the wrong way to approach this and likely to be counter-productive.

Let's instead start with the assumption that sometimes you are going to make these simple mistakes. First, recognize that it's not just you: everybody does. Some people have more or less than others, and it's likely to happen more often to people not presenting in their native language, but everybody has problems like this sometimes when they're presenting.

Now the real question I would advise you to focus on is this: given that you've already made a mistakes, how do you minimize the impact that the mistake is likely to have on your presentation? The answer is simple but challenging: just correct it and move on. Why is this OK? Because almost nobody but you will have noticed and cared in the first place.

• Many people won't even notice the type of mistake you are talking about. Our perception of speech is strongly influenced by the larger structure of the content. The type of mistake you are describing, e.g., "esteem" instead of "extreme" will likely not even be perceived by most listeners. Our brains are tuned for noisy communication and will simply fix it to the words that "ought" to be there.

• Most people who do notice won't remember, as you move on with your talk. The linguistic glitch will simply disappear from memory, since it was far less important to anybody's comprehension than it felt to you in the first place.

In short: nobody worth talking to will care. In fact, the biggest reason to even bother correcting the word is for your own personal comfort, not for anything about your audience. Just fix it, let it go, and move on. Doing that may be difficult and take some practice of its own, but it's absolutely the right thing to do.

I'm not sure if this is really an answer, or if this kind of plug is allowed on SE...but I would strongly recommend looking up your local Toastmasters chapter(s). Toastmasters, in essence, is a public speaking club for adults. While you can practice plenty in private, there's just no substitute for giving a speech in front of an audience, which Toastmasters can give you in a very friendly and encouraging environment.

The basic run-down of a 1 hour Toastmasters meeting goes like this:

• Some members give a few speeches

• They do "Table Topics" - the Topics Master asks random questions to the members of the meeting, who then must give a 1-2 minute long impromptu answer.

• Some members give oral reviews of the speeches given during the meeting.

• At the end of the meeting the leadership team gives their reports. Some of the leaders include the 'Ah-Counter' and 'Grammarian'. The Ah-Counter will inform you of filler words or phrases you commonly use and give you tips on eliminating those from your speech. The Grammarian will inform you of any improper grammar you've used(they'll be gentle if you're clearly not a native speaker).

You'll not only get the opportunity to practice speaking in public, but you'll receive immediate, constructive criticism. The speech projects give you specific, directed goals to achieve so you're not just stumbling from one speech to the next. Of all the clubs I've witnessed guests are always welcome at no charge, so you can give it a shot and see if you like it without committing to anything.

In addition to the meetings, there are multiple competition periods throughout the year. If you just attend your club meetings, you get comfortable speaking in front of the same audience all the time. But if you go to these competitions, you'll be placed in large auditoriums filled with unfamiliar faces, which is good for improving your abilities.

Toastmasters is an international organization and there are chapters all over the place. If you're in any decently populated area there should be more than one local chapter, and there may even be one at your university. If there isn't a local chapter, then you could potentially start one yourself.

Not Really A Problem

As the other answers and comments have said, this kind of verbal boo-boo is always much more noticeable to the speaker than to the audience. If they actually were to notice, congratulate yourself for having kept them awake and attentive with your lively style and important content.

If the misspeaking is important to the content, merely correct yourself and move on. If not important, ignore it and move on. Do not apologize as that distracts the audience. Intently watch some news anchors or radio jockeys to see how they do just that: correct and move on. Note the keywords: move on.

Prevention

While not really a problem, if it bothers you so much you can take steps to minimize (but never eliminate!) such misspeaking. Here are some techniques I learned as an instructor.

Syllables

If you know certain words trip you up, replace them.

If you cannot change them because of content requirements, then practice to over-annunciate them. Practice slowly pronouncing each sound separately. Write the word down, misspelling as needed to create these separate sounds.

For example, turn extreme into three or four syllables: x - tah - rhee - mah.

Practice that way slowly. Then re-assemble back to natural speech. But mentally maintain that multi-syllabic structure.

This trick also helps with certain words that your touch-typing hands cannot quite master.

Breathe.

Really, breathe. Occasionally take deep breaths. Feel free to take a moment at points in your talk to stop, take a deep breath. Straighten your back, letting your shoulder blades slide down into place. The physical act of breathing changes your physiology and your mind.

Your audience will appreciate these moments. They need time to digest your content, and form their own thoughts.

Plan for these deep pauses as part of the structure of your talk. After heavy meaty pieces of content, or when touching on something controversial or thought-provoking, plan to give the audience a moment.

Also grant yourself a few unplanned pauses. If at any time you start to feel rushed or anxious or don't quite know what to say, stop talking. Take a breath, and let yourself plan the next sentence before speaking. What seems like a long pregnant pause to you the speaker will hardly be a blip on the radar of attention to your audience.

Another way to work in pauses is to occasionally ask a rhetorical question. Emotionally for you it shifts some of the attention and burden onto the audience members, as you are challenging them to engage their minds. Emotionally for your audience members, it is a mild "wake-up call" reminding them to pay attention. Taking a long moment lets them wake-up and think, meanwhile giving you time for a moment to breathe and turn your body as you pan across the audience.

Rushing is a sure sign of a newbie speaker. And rushing tends to trigger misspeaking.

Speaking to Colleagues & Friends, Not Audience

The idea of an "audience", the sight of a stage and of ordered chairs, tends to provoke speaker’s anxiety. Remind yourself that you are talking to individuals, not an "audience".

Before your talk happens, have a few chats with a few people who will be in attendance. Give them an overview. Let them ask you a couple questions about the content. Look for these faces during the talk. Lock onto any face and think of yourself as talking only to that person for a sentence or two.

When you find your words lock-up, just think of talking to a colleague over a casual coffee break. I find that literally imagining the visual imagery of talking comfortably with a colleague can unlock those words.

Practice, Practice, Practice, Ad Nauseum

Practice your talk in your office. Practice your talk in front of your cat. Practice your talk in the mirror. Repeat three times, office, cat, mirror, office, cat, mirror.

Not to memorize a speech, but just go through the content step-by-step repeatedly.

Do a "dress rehearsal", with colleagues. Some teams regularly give a "brown bag talk" where they meet for lunch and someone gives a less formal talk.

Keep repeating until you are sick and tired of the content. Ad nauseam is the goal.

This helps in two ways:

• Emotionally, if you are tired of the content, you’ll find your anxiety level will diminish.
• Intellectually, with repeated practice you will find and lock onto certain phrasing, certain rhythms, and favorite sentence patterns. These will roll off your tongue more naturally. Once you have these “chunks” of language at the ready, your brain has so much less work to do during the presentation. You will feel the load lighten mentally, and misspeaking is much less likely to happen.

I once had a keynote in front of 500 people and someone in the front row was making some kind of crazy gestures which were a bit disturbing. At some point I thought he had a health problem as he was moving his fist from his chest to his throat. I stopped to ask him if he was okay (the whole audience looked at him) and he replied that HE was ok, but that my zipper was down... The whole audience looked at me (yes, over there). There was a roar of laughter.

I answered that it was a good thing that at least my underwear matched the trousers and that I hoped this was not the only thing which would be memorable in that keynote. Some more laughs and we were good to go on.

This is to say: just relax. Nobody cares about tiny mistakes. People really want you to have a great speech particularly when they see that someone is struggling with the speech.

As seen in the scientific documentary Four Weddings and a Funeral, stress during a speech can be tough but everyone is with you : https://youtu.be/2PubPWuEQp8?t=27

Here's a metaphor that might help. It is based on my genuine experience of learning to skydive.

If you ever take up parachuting, you are likely to hear the story of the novice who realised there was a tree in the middle of the field he was trying to land in. There was just one tree and the field was enormous. He became so terrified that he might hit this tree that he was unable to take his eyes off it. Now, parachutes are steerable and they tend to go in the direction you are looking. The instructors and everyone else watched in horrified silence as the beginner slowly, inexorably and inevitably flew straight towards the tree, finally hitting it full on. He ended dangling from the branches and having to be rescued. Luckily he suffered only bruises and no hospital treatment was necessary.

Apply this cautionary tale to public speaking (or any other activity). What you focus on, you will get. Focus on trouble and you will get trouble.

The key to public speaking is to focus on the message that you want to get across. If the subject-matter isn't important then you shouldn't be talking about it. Prepare thoroughly and have all your facts at your fingertips. Have a sheet of reminders so that you don't forget any important points. When speaking, have your notes there. However they aren't a crutch or a safety net but a reminder not to miss any of the fascinating facts you want to get across.

When the time comes to speak, forget all your prepared words and focus entirely on what you want to communicate. Look at the audience and see if they are understanding. Treat them as humans who want to hear about the subject. They wouldn't bother to be there if they weren't interested. They are not there to attend a theatrical performance. The message is far more important than the words.

If you are worrying about how you look and sound then you are being self-centred and making yourself more important than the facts you want to convey.

By all means practice voice exercises so that you speak clearly—maybe even take elocution lessons. As someone else suggested, join Toastmasters and they will give you excellent feedback on your enunciation and clarity of thought. Record yourself reciting poetry. When it comes to the actual event, forget about individual words. Never try to memorise them unless it is a performance of a dramatic work. Focus on what you want to communicate and trust your brain and body to do the rest.

In summary. Stop being so selfish and thinking about yourself all the time. Instead give the audience what they want. They want information about a fascinating subject. Don't think about you, think about them. Tell them what they need to know.

Sostengo con tutto il cuore le risposte di @jakebeal e @mhwombat. Ma vorrei aggiungere il valore dei miei due bob.

Ognuno è diverso e ciò che funziona per una persona potrebbe essere un anatema per un'altra. Personalmente trovo che la pratica tolga la spontaneità della presentazione. Provo quello che dirò mentre preparo la presentazione. Tipicamente scrivendo alcune delle frasi più intelligenti nelle note dell'oratore. Ne faccio una lettura per controllare i tempi, ecc. Ed è tutto.

Anche io commetto errori, vado peggio che dire "stima" invece di "estremo". A volte lo scherzo e in ogni caso continuo ad andare avanti. Tengo a portata di mano gli appunti dell'oratore, ma raramente li guardo. Sono più consapevole di mantenere il tempo per finire all'ora prescritta. Uso un timer per il conto alla rovescia sul mio telefono.

Ho assistito letteralmente a centinaia di discorsi, presentazioni. Quelli memorabili sono quelli in cui il presentatore era ovviamente in cima all'argomento, appassionato dell'argomento e proiettato una personalità con cui mi piacerebbe chattare al pub.

Posso offrirti alcune idee:

1. Non è necessario che tu legga ad alta voce ogni parola delle diapositive. Dopo due tentativi con la parola estremo , puoi fare un gesto sulla parola problematica e poi andare avanti. Puoi anche consentire al pubblico di leggere occasionalmente un'intera frase da solo.

2. Hai notato che le tue difficoltà sorgono principalmente nei primi due minuti. È interessante notare che ho notato che il primo o due minuti di un discorso, molte persone tendono a cogliere molto poco del contenuto di ciò che sta dicendo l'oratore. Quel primo o due minuti sono necessari per acclimatarsi all'oratore. Tenendo questo a mente, potresti inserire un riempitivo non importante all'inizio; in questo modo, non c'è nulla di male se leggi una parola in modo impreciso.

3. Potresti sperimentare di essere in prima linea sul problema. Proprio come qualcuno potrebbe portare allo scoperto un problema di udito o una condizione neurologica all'inizio, potresti visualizzare una diapositiva che informa il pubblico che hai un leggero problema di linguaggio che potrebbe richiedere di occasionalmente di gesticolare una frase sullo schermo mentre rimanere in silenzio. Potresti lasciare che questa diapositiva parli da sola o leggerla ad alta voce: una delle due funzionerebbe.

Modifica -

Ho avuto un altro pensiero. Poiché potrebbe essere difficile prevedere quale parola potrebbe creare problemi, sarebbe bene avere un piano di salvataggio in atto nel caso in cui ciò accada di nuovo.

Supponi di essere su una diapositiva particolare e una certa parola non voglio uscire proprio oggi. Puoi fare un altro tentativo, ma poi, anche se speri che funzioni al terzo tentativo, ti consiglio di non riprovare. Invece, usa un sinonimo, o punta semplicemente sulla parola con un puntatore laser o un puntatore a bastone e dì qualcosa come "quella parola!" e vai avanti. Proprio come faresti a cavartela e continueresti se una delle tue immagini inspiegabilmente non fosse visualizzata sullo schermo durante il discorso.

I nervi possono influenzare una persona in modi imprevedibili. Molto tempo fa, prima dell'avvento della registrazione digitale, ho fissato una data di registrazione nella sala da recital del mio college comunitario per registrare la mia audizione per il trasferimento a un conservatorio di musica. Mentre ero nel mezzo di uno dei miei pezzi, preludio di una suite di Bach, i miei nervi hanno avuto un effetto inaspettato: non riuscivo a sentirmi bene. Il mio violoncello suonava incredibilmente ovattato, come se io e lui fossimo in due stanze vicine con un bel muro insonorizzato in mezzo. Dato che avevo un budget limitato, non sentivo di potermi fermare, riorganizzarmi e ricominciare il movimento - sentivo che dovevo andare avanti. Che strana sensazione era quella di suonare ma non essere in grado di sentire. (La registrazione in realtà è andata bene!)

Quindi, se sei nervoso, potresti non avere il controllo sulla lingua che normalmente hai.

Cosa ti fa innervosire? Voglio dire, cosa rende nervosa una persona? Adrenalina. Senza quella dose di adrenalina, il tuo discorso sarebbe mortalmente noioso. Ma ogni volta che il tuo corpo ti dà una dose di adrenalina, stai giocando alla roulette russa, perché il risultato dell'adrenalina è imprevedibile.

Lo spiego nella speranza che capisca cosa sta succedendo nel tuo corpo aiuterà a prevenire una reazione di panico se hai un incidente di discorso. Perché davvero, l'incidente del discorso in sé non è il problema principale, vero? Penso che sia la reazione di panico che potrebbe derivare da un'imprevista anomalia della pronuncia.

Sarebbe utile praticare una respirazione lenta e profonda per alcuni minuti ogni giorno, per allenarti a rispondere in questo modo quando qualcosa va in modo molto diverso dal piano.

One particular version of this that I am prone to, even in more casual conversation but especially when animated and thus speaking quickly, is the occasional gibberish word. I have over the years realized that this is the consequence of attempting to simultaneously speak two (multi-syllable) synonyms, which begin with the same sound but end differently.

I hypothesize that this may be the result of my left and right brain sending slightly different thought streams for the sentence. I have reduced this by deliberately and consciously slowing my speech slightly when I get animated.

Una ricerca dettagliata sul lapsus è stata condotta in Introduzione alla psicoanalisi di Sigmund Freud. Potrebbe accadere quando sei stressato, affaticato, esitato o quando ti concentri su qualcos'altro in mente. Potrebbe anche essere un misto di quanto sopra.

La tua situazione potrebbe coinvolgere più dell'ultimo caso. Come hai affermato, hai pronunciato la parola "stima" invece di "estrema". Questo potrebbe anche significare che la tua mente inconscia si stava concentrando sulla tua stima o sui tuoi critici. Saresti in grado di controbilanciare i tuoi pensieri inconsci aumentando il tuo livello di fiducia nella questione. Questo non significa necessariamente che non sei stato completo con la tua presentazione. Significa che sei troppo consapevole della presentazione stessa. Sembra che tu abbia provato la presentazione in modo da concentrarti su molti dettagli su cui concentrarti oltre al materiale di presentazione. Questo naturalmente diminuisce il livello di fiducia, che è il caso 1 - stress. Quindi risolvere anche il primo e l'ultimo caso dovrebbe risolvere il tuo problema in teoria.

Il lapsus è qualcosa che può accadere senza pensarci. Potresti non essere in grado di superarlo con la pratica, ma soprattutto con l'esperienza. Anche se questo non è nulla di cui preoccuparsi, poiché anche le lezioni registrate includono scivoloni.

A mio parere, più ti sforzi di correggere l'ortografia, più sarà difficile il tuo tempo nella presentazione.

Se pronunci la parola estremo come stima , quindi mantienilo in questo modo! Ci sono molte persone nella parola che pronunciano le parole inglesi in modo errato a causa della struttura della loro lingua madre.

Finché dedichi uno sforzo enorme e lo pronunci in modo sbagliato, il pubblico capirà cosa intendi quando dici punto di stima . La cosa importante è quello che dici al pubblico, non come lo dici.

Se devi sbarazzartene, parla spesso in inglese a te stesso. Nella vita quotidiana. Non provare la presentazione . Usa le frasi che usi nella vita quotidiana. Mentre lo fai, cerca di imitare il tuo attore preferito, ad esempio.

Dopo un po 'di tempo, ti abituerai alla pronuncia di parole diverse, tra cui estremo , congratulazioni e così via.